| The imperative form is used to order someone to do something,
or to strongly urge someone to do something.
It can also be used to express an inevitability
or necessity, in which case it is translated as "must"
or "have to".
Giving orders
The
meireikei conjugation is the basic imperative and placed at
the end of the sentence as the main verb. Use of this form should
be avoided, since, as you probably well understand, it is often
extremely insulting.
| |
手を挙げろ! |
(Te wo age ro!) |
Put your hands up! |
| |
お金をくれ! |
(O-kane wo kure!) |
Give me your money! |
| |
こっちへ来い! |
(kocchi e koi!) |
Come here! |
| |
止まれ |
(Tomare) |
Stop |
| |
頑張れ! |
(Ganbare!) |
Go for it! / Keep going! |
| |
The ren'youkei
+ な (na) is the more common imperative and not as rude as the
meireikei conjugation.
| |
勉強しな。 (Benkyou shina.)
Study!
食べな。 (Tabena.)
Eat! |
| |
The imperative can be softened a bit by adding the honorific お
(o) prefix to the ren'youkei conjugation, or if it's combined with
a compound verb by adding it to the compound verb.
| |
お勉強しな 。(O-benkyou shina.)
Study!
お食べな。 (O-tabena.)
Eat! |
| |
The Ren'youkei + なさい (nasai) works similar to ren'youkei + な (na),
but through the use of the honorific verb なさる (nasaru) it is less
direct and more polite, though still an order.
| |
勉強しなさい。 (Benkyou shi nasai.)
Study.
食べなさい。 (Tabe nasai.)
Eat. |
| |
Asking someone to do something for you requires the use of honorific
verbs which are explained in detail in the polite
forms section.
Honorific verbs are often encountered in the meireikei conjugation.
As these verbs are honorific of their own, the meireikei conjugation
is neither rude nor impolite.
| |
これを下さい。 |
(Kore wo kudasai.) |
I'll have this one. (Give me this.) |
| |
おやすみなさい。 |
(O-yasumi nasai.) |
Good night. (Literally: Rest.) |
| |
いらっしゃい。 |
(Irasshai.) |
Come in. |
| |
召し上がれ。 |
(Meshi agare.) |
Eat. |
| |
The polite form ～ます (-masu) can be made into an imperative. This
form is often combined with the honorific verbs. This increases
the politeness of the "order" even further.
| |
これを下さいませ。 |
(Kore wo kudasaimase.) |
I'll have this one. (Give me this.) |
| |
勉強しなさいませ。 |
(Benkyou shi nasaimase.) |
Study! (Teacher to students.) |
| |
いらっしゃいませ。 |
(Irasshaimase.) |
Come in. |
| |
召し上がりませ。 |
(Meshi agarimase.) |
Eat. |
| |
NOTE: The -masu form is connected
to the ren'youkei conjugation and not to the meireikei conjugation.
Describing
inevitability
"You have to"
There are several ways to describe that you "have to"
or "must" do something. The most common construction uses
the negative conditional form followed by the negative of "to
become" or "to be able to go".
| 行かないとならない。 |
(Ikanai to naranai.) |
行かないといけない。 |
(Ikanai to ikenai.) |
| 行かなくてはならない。 |
(Ikanakute wa naranai.) |
行かなくてはいけない。 |
(Ikanakute wa ikenai.) |
| 行かなければならない。 |
(Ikanakereba naranai.) |
行かなければいけない。 |
(Ikanakereba ikenai.) |
| |
| Often abbreviated to: |
| 行かなきゃならない。 |
(Ikanakya naranai.) |
行かなきゃいけない。 |
(Ikanakya ikenai.) |
| |
All these variations translate as "I have to go." or
"I must go." Of course all variations can be made polite
by adding ます (masu) to the ren'youkei conjugation of the final (main)
verb.
NOTE: The rentaikei + なら(ば) cannot
be used for this construction.
"You should"
The rentaikei + べき (beki) constitutes more of a strong advice rather
than an inevitability, and is often translated as "you should"
or "you ought to".
A common contraction occurs when べき (beki) is combined with the
verb する (suru) meaning "to do". Both するべき (suru beki)
and すべき (subeki) can be used.
| |
暴力に訴えるべきではないです。 (Bouryoku ni uttaeru beki
de wa nai desu.)
You must not resort to violence.
勉強すべきでした。 (Benkyou subeki
deshita.)
I should have studied. |
| |
"You need to"
To describe "you need to" 必要がある (hitsuyou ga aru) is used.
| |
急ぐ必要はありません。 (Isogu hitsuyou wa
arimasen.)
There is no need to hurry.
バッテリーを充電必要がある。 (Batterii wo juuden hitsuyou
ga aru.)
I need to recharge the battery. |
| |
Related pages:
Rentaikei
+ と (to)
Rentaikei
+ なら（ば） (nara(ba))
Rentaikei
+ べき (beki)
Ren'youkei
+ な (na)
Ren'youkei
+ て (te)
Izenkei
+ ば (ba)
Meireikei
Conditional
forms
Negative
forms
prohibitive
forms
Polite forms |
